The Importance of Recent Eye Drops On Demodex Blepharitis

Our understanding of the role of Demodex has expanded in recent years, including our knowledge of Demodex blepharitis, where inflammation is caused by overpopulation of Demodex mites in the eyelash follicles. Demodex blepharitis is quite common, accounting for about 45% of blepharitis cases. 

It’s particularly common among older patients, including 84% of people age 60 and older, but it also affects younger people, particularly those with rosacea or immune system challenges such as diabetes. 

Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis are two mites which infest the human eye and which may, in excess, lead to a wide range of anterior segment findings. Demodex mites have been implicated in anterior and posterior blepharitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, blepharokeratitis, and beyond.

Due to significant overlap with other anterior segment conditions, Demodex infestation remains underdiagnosed and undertreated. Definitive diagnosis can be made with lash sampling, and the most common mode of treatment is with tea tree oil in varying concentrations.

Studies have shown that Demodex blepharitis is prevalent in about 69% of dry eye patients and is also highly prevalent in surgical patients, as 67% of cataract patients have Demodex blepharitis.

Studies also have shown a direct correlation between Demodex blepharitis and discomfort wearing contact lenses.

Demodex blepharitis is a virtual epidemic in the US; an estimated 20 million people have blepharitis, and of that population, almost half have Demodex.

Until recently, there was no treatment that specifically targeted the Demodex; lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% (TP-03; Tarsus Pharmaceuticals, Inc), an eye drop, will fill that gap, according to Jennifer Loh, MD.

“The patients with blepharitis represent a large, underserved market in eye care,” said Loh, who is in private practice in the Miami, Florida, area. Left untreated, ocular redness, irritation, and blurred vision can result; blepharitis also negatively affects contact lens wearers, patients with dry eye, and those undergoing cataract surgery.

Currently, no FDA-approved prescription treatment is available for these patients, 81% of whom are seeking treatment.

Ferreting out the mites - The pathognomonic sign of Demodex is the presence of collarettes, which are deposits on the lids that are comprised of mite waste and eggs.

This differs from the appearance of classic blepharitis in that the collarettes appear as a translucent waxy cylinder over the eyelash. Loh described this material as regurgitated, undigested material combined with epithelial cells, keratin, mite eggs, and digestive enzymes, all of which cause lid irritation.

The collarettes are seen at the base of the lashes; 100% of patients with collarettes had Demodex mites in a recent study, she explained, adding that once these collarettes are spotted, the diagnosis can be established with confidence.

One way to identify these wily creatures, she advised, is to instruct the patients to look down during the slit-lamp examination. This simple move can reveal the diff use collarettes and misdirected or missing eyelashes. No FDA-approved treatment is available to kill mites.

Treatments available for Demodex blepharitis reduce the bacterial load to achieve symptom relief. These include tea tree oil and hypochlorous acid for the blepharitis, with the goal of reducing the food supply for the mites.

Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% - This formulation is a novel therapy designed to eradicate Demodex mites and treat the blepharitis. TP-03 works by paralyzing and killing the mites. Patients are instructed to instill the drops twice daily for 6 weeks.

Two studies of TP-03, Saturn-1 and Saturn-2 trials, are ongoing. The studies' primary and secondary end points are collarette cure, mite eradication, and decreased redness. The studies include, respectively, 421 and 418 patients.

Saturn-1 found that lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25%, if approved, may be a safe and effective treatment for Demodex blepharitis. Specifically, the study showed that the ophthalmic solution met all the end points with high statistical significance.

Lotilaner ophthalmic solution, 0.25% resulted in reduction of the collarettes and mite density, as well as erythema cure and improvements. The effects were seen within 2 weeks of the initiation of treatment.

Clinically meaningful cures were seen in 81% of the study patients; 96% of patients had fewer than 0.5 mites per lash, and 93% of patients improved by at least 1 collarette grade.

The drug was well tolerated and had a good safety profile; 92% of patients rated it as neutral to very comfortable, Loh reported.