Virtual Retina Model Offers Breakthrough Insights for Vision Loss Treatments

New research from the University of Surrey introduces a pioneering computer model that simulates how the retina forms and regenerates, an innovation that could pave the way for novel treatments for vision loss. By replicating the complex development of retinal cells from a single type of stem cell, this model offers unprecedented insight into the mechanisms of vision formation and repair.

Simulating Retinogenesis: A First-of-Its-Kind Computational Model

The study presents the first computational model capable of detailing how the retina develops its intricate structure from identical progenitor cells. This process, known as retinogenesis, involves the differentiation of these cells into six distinct types of neurons that are essential for visual processing.

Through agent-based modeling, researchers simulated the key stages of retinogenesis, revealing how simple genetic instructions, combined with subtle random variations, lead to the retina’s characteristic layered architecture. This structure is critical for normal visual function.

The research findings were presented at the International Work-Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (IWWBIO) 2025 and published in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science series. The study represents a significant contribution to the growing field of computational biology and ophthalmology.

Virtual Cells Powered by BioDynaMo Software

The research team used the BioDynaMo software platform to build virtual “cells” capable of growth, division, and genetic decision-making, closely mimicking biological behavior. These virtual cells were programmed with gene-regulation logic, enabling researchers to observe how different genetic network designs influence a cell’s decision about which type of neuron to become.

Reentry and Multidirectional Models Reveal Flexible Genetic Pathways

Among the tested genetic network configurations, two specific models, the Reentry and Multidirectional designs, proved most accurate in replicating real biological data. These findings suggest that retinal cells may determine their fate through overlapping, flexible genetic pathways rather than following a fixed developmental sequence. This represents a potential shift in how scientists understand the process of cell differentiation in the retina.

Unlocking New Avenues in Regenerative Eye Research

This virtual retina model offers a powerful tool for exploring both healthy eye development and the biological disruptions associated with retinal diseases. It also holds promise for advancing regenerative therapies, particularly those that involve guiding stem cells to rebuild damaged retinal tissue. By enhancing understanding of how the retina self-organizes and regenerates, this research could lead to innovative treatments for vision loss in the future.

Reference:

Cayla Harris et al, Agent-Based Modelling of Retinal Development, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (2025). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-032-08452-1_6