Worsening of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is associated with the initiation of effective treatment of glycaemia in some patients with diabetes.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, is the most common type of arthritis in children under the age of 16.

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy in which damage to the retinal ganglion cells and their axons can result in blindness. It is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide.

The mitochondrion is considered to be the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. Oxidative phosphorylation produces energy, leading to adenosine triphosphate production.

Intraocular pressure (IOP) is an important factor in the management of glaucoma. Lowering of IOP delays the onset and progression of glaucoma and remains the main treatment to maintain visual function.

MIGS offer IOP lowering by targeting various aspects of normal aqueous dynamics. The first approaches involve enhancing outflow across the trabecular meshwork and through Schlemm’s canal.

Cataract and glaucoma are the leading causes of blindness worldwide. The prevalence of both diseases is increasing with aging population. Techniques for cataract surgery have undergone significant refinements with excellent visual outcomes.

Pediatric glaucoma is a potentially sight-threatening disease and is considered the second leading cause of treatable childhood blindness.

Compared to non-diabetic patients, outcome after cataract surgery was reported to be worse in diabetic patients--especially in those with diabetic retinopathy.

Over 2 million people worldwide are suffering from gene-related retinal diseases, inherited or acquired, and over 270 genes have been identified which are found to be responsible for these conditions.